What is chromaticity?

The colour of a light written as two numbers, x and y, independent of how bright the light is.

CIE 1931 CHROMATICITY CHART · ICAO ANNEX 14 COLOUR REGIONS0.20.20.40.40.60.60.80.80CHROMATICITY xCHROMATICITY yGREENYELLOWREDBLUEWHITExy123451SPECTRAL LOCUSEdge of all visible colours2CHROMATICITY POINTColour fixed by x and y3COLOUR REGIONSOne per signal colour4WHITEIncandescent solid, LED dashed5BRIGHTNESSDoes not move the pointSCHEMATIC · REGIONS FROM ICAO ANNEX 14 VOL. I, APP. 1
measured point
colour boundary
colour region
The Fact CIE 1931 · ICAO Annex 14

Chromaticity describes the colour of a light, separate from how bright it is. It is given as two numbers, x and y, which place the light as a single point on the CIE chromaticity chart.

Two numbers are enough because the three CIE values add up to one. The chart is bounded by a horseshoe-shaped curve that encloses every colour the eye can see. For AGL, the standard marks a region on this chart for each signal colour: red, yellow, green, blue and white. A light is the right colour only if its point lies inside the region for that colour. Brightness is a separate property, carried by candela, so a light can have enough intensity and still be the wrong colour.

QuantityChromaticity (x, y)
ChartCIE 1931 chromaticity diagram
DescribesColour, not brightness
ColoursRed, yellow, green, blue, white
BrightnessCarried by candela
ReferenceICAO Annex 14 Vol. I, App. 1 · CIE 15 (colorimetry)
Schematic. The horseshoe is the CIE 1931 spectral locus and the colour regions are drawn from the boundary equations in ICAO Annex 14 Vol. I, Appendix 1. Always check the current edition of the standard for compliance limits. How colour is checked is covered under colour measurement.
Entry 13 · Beam orientation Entry 16 · White light

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1What is chromaticity?

The colour quality of a light, given as two numbers, x and y, on the CIE chromaticity chart. It says what colour the light is, regardless of how bright it is.

Q2Why are two numbers enough?

The three CIE values add up to one, so once x and y are known the third is fixed. That reduces colour, apart from brightness, to a point on a flat chart.

Q3Does chromaticity change with brightness?

In principle no: dimming a light by scaling it leaves x and y unchanged, and brightness is carried separately by candela. In practice a dimmed filament lamp shifts toward yellow, and an LED can shift colour a little with current or temperature, which is why colour is checked.

Q4What is the horseshoe shape on the chart?

The boundary of all colours the eye can see. Its curved edge holds the pure spectral colours and the straight edge closes it. Every real light sits inside it.

Q5Why does each AGL colour have its own region?

A pilot must tell red from yellow from green quickly and without doubt. The standard sets a region on the chart for each aeronautical ground light colour, and a light must fall inside the region for its colour.

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